Furthermore, after losing membrane potentials, defective mitochondria would be degraded by mitophagy (Forbes and Thorburn, 2018
Dimitriadis, F., Tsambalas, S., Tsounapi, P., Kawamura, H., Vlachopoulou, E., Haliasos, N., Gratsias, S., Watanabe, T., Saito, M., Miyagawa, I., and Sofikitis, N
Gastrointestinal conditions Some gastrointestinal conditions may affect how vitamin B12 is digested or absorbed, such as: history of gastrointestinal surgery celiac disease Crohns disease pernicious anemia infections, such as from Helicobacter pylori bacteria or parasites pancreatic insufficiency or cancer bowel cancer folic acid deficiency small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Vitamin B12 injections may be more helpful for people with gastrointestinal conditions than oral products
In the alkaline environment of the small intestine, R-proteins are degraded by pancreatic enzymes, freeing vitamin B 12 to bind to intrinsic factor (IF), a protein secreted by specialized cells in the stomach (parietal cells)
